Can Air Refueling operations be conducted under VFR rules according to AP/1B?

Conducting air refueling operations typically falls under IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) due to the complexity and safety considerations involved in these missions. The requirement to operate under IFR allows for better management of the airspace, especially when multiple aircraft are involved and at varying altitudes, which is often the case in a refueling operation.

Operating under VFR (Visual Flight Rules) could lead to significant challenges, such as maintaining safe separation between aircraft and ensuring situational awareness in potentially crowded airspace. The environments where air refueling operations take place may not always provide the visual references needed for safe VFR operation, particularly in adverse weather conditions or during nighttime operations.

While there may be exceptions or special conditions where VFR might be applicable, the overarching protocol established in documents like AP/1B emphasizes the necessity for conducting such operations under IFR to enhance safety and operational effectiveness.